Medela
Phototherapy Lamp Instructions for Use Rev D July 2010
Instructions for Use
54 Pages
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Phototherapy EN Instructions for use
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Instructions for use
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Manual de instrucciones
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Manual de instruções
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Dear Client We would like to congratulate you on purchasing the Medela Phototherapy Lamp. We are confident that you have made the right choice and that you will be fully satisfied. The following pages show you how to use and maintain the Phototherapy Lamp. If these instructions are followed carefully, your Phototherapy Lamp will have a long and reliable operating life. ISO EN FDA GMP
International Organisation for Standardization European Norm Food and Drug Administration Good Manufacturing Practices
Medela AG reserves the right to change technical specifications for the improvement of the product at any time without prior notice.
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We would like to thank you for the confidence you have placed into our company by purchasing this product. We develop and produce our products with a certified quality-management system according to EN ISO 13485:2003, as well as according to the guidelines of the American FDA for GMP.
Safety Note Working with the Phototherapy Lamp requires precise knowledge of its areas of application as well as adherence to these instructions. In cases where there is any uncertainty, trained staff familiar with the equipment must be consulted. Caution • Patients being treated with the Phototherapy Lamp must wear eye protection The Phototherapy Lamp must be used: • outside of an incubator or • with a warming bed The Phototherapy Lamp may not be used in environments • where there is a risk of explosion • enriched with oxygen When used with an incubator there must be enough room between the devices to ensure proper ventilation, in order to prevent an accumulation of oxygen N.B. The use of these lamps for anything but their intended purpose can be hazardous. Portable and mobile RF communication devices may influence the device. A small percentage of the population is sensitive to blue light. • Do not look directly into the blue light tubes • The phototherapy device must be used in a well-lit environment • Adjust the angle away from the working areas of the nursing staff • Wearing yellow-tinted glasses can reduce the effects of blue light irradiation In each of the following cases, the device must not be used and it must be repaired by Customer Services: • If the power cable or the plug are damaged • If the device is not functioning perfectly • If the device is damaged • If the device shows clear safety defects
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II Description Medela‘s phototherapy lamp is a high quality product developed for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. It meets the highest demands in making optimum use of the effective light spectrum and in energy savings. As a result of using energy saving fluorescent tubing, heat development has been considerably reduced in comparison with conventional equipment. Operating costs are therefore lower and there are no effects on surroundings (e.g. temperature control of infant incubators). This modern concept offers many advantages both for successful therapy as well as for nursing staff.
III Applications Indications: Medela‘s phototherapy lamp is intended for the efficient and safe treatment of excessive serum bilirubin concentrations in new-born babies. Contraindications: A rapidly increasing bilirubin value may require a more intensive therapy. In these cases, several Medela phototherapy lamps can be used simultaneously. Specially designed for this purpose, the wheeled stand enables the lamps to be positioned next to each other. The phototherapy lamp must be used outside of an incubator or with a warming bed. If these are not necessary, we recommend using a BiliBed for the therapy. When used with an incubator there must be enough room between the devices to ensure proper ventilation, in order to prevent an accumulation of oxygen. The phototherapy lamp is not admitted for use: • in hazardous locations • in areas which may be enriched with oxygen N.B. The use of these lamps for anything but their intended purpose can be hazardous. Portable and mobile RF communication devices may influence the device.
IV Equipment The lamp body contains four compact fluorescent tubes. According to requirements, blue light or white light can be selected or combined. This permits effective treatment in line with requirements. The special tubes which emit blue light in the visible range (425 – 475 nm) are the most suitable for phototherapy. The tubes that emit white light can also be used. This light has a lower therapeutic effect, but is preferred when good light is needed for examination purposes. Any combination of blue and white light is, of course, possible. The fluorescent tubes can be switched on and off in pairs. The light in the tubes effective for therapy is electronically monitored. If the fluorescent tubes need changing an LED warning lamp lights up on the lamp body. The lamp body is equipped with a specially mirrored screen that directs light onto the child and limits light spread. This improves the therapeutic effect and protects surroundings from disturbing blue light. The lamp housing can be infinitely adjusted for height as well as forward and back positions. In addition, it can be rotated up to 90° on both sides for sideways irradiation. The mobile stand is equipped with antistatic rollers two of which are fitted with brakes. The ballast units are located in the metal foot, which lowers the centre of gravity for good stability.
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V Assembly 5.1 Assembling the stands • As shown in the illustration, stand the mobile base upright. • Place the column onto the mobile base and fasten it with 4 screws.
Fig. 1
5.2 Installing the fluorescent tubes 3
2
a) Remove the lamp grille • Unscrew the bayonet screw (90° turn) (Fig. 2a). • Insert a screwdriver on one side of the lamp body alternatively in the two openings and press lightly outwards until the grille springs out of its hol der (Fig. 2b, c).
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Fig. 2
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b) Insertion of the fluorescent tubes The lamp body can hold four compact fluorescent tubes. Special tubes can be used which emit light mainly in the 425 – 475m range and are therefore highly suitable for phototherapy. As stray light is limited, blue light can be used exclusively to provide the greatest therapeutic effect. Tubes with white light can also be used according to requirements.
Fig. 3
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• Insert the fluorescent tubes into the retainer; then push the fluorescent tube into its socket (Fig. 3). • Insert the remaining three tubes in the same way. N.B. With mixed lighting, the blue tubes must always be installed in the outer two positions to enable troublefree functioning of the tube warning display for changing the tubes.
c) Replace the lamp grille 1) Lamp grille 2) Lamp body 3) Opening 4) Retainer 5) Fluorescent tubes
• On the inside of the lamp body there are protruding support ribs. Place the grille on these ribs and press until it clicks in at all four corners. • Tighten the bayonet screw (90° turn).
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V Assembly 5.3 Different positios
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• By turning the two handles illustrated, the clamps can be released or tightened. The lamp can thus be raised or lowered (Fig. 4) or moved forward or back (Fig. 5). • In addition, for side irradiation, the lamp can be turned up to 90° in both directions.
Distance from the baby • The distance should be kept as small as possible (i.e. approx. 25 cm) for maximum therapeutic effect. When used with an incubator the distance between lamp and upper edge of the incubator must be at least 3 cm. When used with an incubator there must be enough room between the devices to ensure proper ventilation, in order to prevent an accumulation of oxygen.
Fig. 4
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The treatment is most effective when only blue light fluorescent tubes are used (Type Osram Dulux L18W/71 or Ralutec long 18W/71). The efficiency and safety can only be guaranteed when the fluorescent tubes from Medela are used. • If the distance cannot be kept small (e.g. with some incubators) and the maximum effect is necessary, additional lamps can be used in order to irradiate the baby from above and from the side.
5.4 Rollers / Breaks 2
Fig. 5
The stand is fitted with antistatic rollers, two of which have brakes. The brakes can be applied by pressing down with a foot on the locking mechanism and released by lifting it.
1) Handle for clamp mechanism 2) Brake
VI Irridiation levels According to the study from M. Jeffrey Maisels (Pediatrics Vol. 98, No. 2, August 1996: Why use Homeopathic Doses of Phototherapy) the efficacy of phototherapy depends on three factors: • Spectrum of light delivered by the phototherapy unit. Because of the optical properties of bilirubin and skin, the most effective wavelengths are in the blue-green spectrum. • Power output of the light. This also depends on the distance of the light from the infant. The lower the distance, the higher the efficacy. • Surface area of the infant exposed to phototherapy. The efficacy is higher when more skin is subjected to phototherapy.
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Wave length distribution
spectral irradiance [W/m2/5 nm]
with 2 blue and 2 white fluorescent tubes
spectral irradiance [W/m2/5 nm]
with 4 blue fluorescent tubes
Total spectral irradiance, effective surface area Ebi max (400 – 550nm) Effective surface area: Ambient temperature:
= max. irradiance in central area within this area Ebi ≥ 0.4 Ebi max (25± 2) °C
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VI Irridiation levels Distance from lamp underside to measuring surface 25cm
Center of phototherapy lamp housing
Maximum values Using 4 blue fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 44.4 W/m2 Using 2 blue and 2 white fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 28.6 W/m2 Average values Using 4 blue fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 30.2 W/m2
Lamp
Using 2 blue and 2 white fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 19.5 W/m2
Holder
Effective surface area 40 × 30 cm
Distance from lamp underside to measuring surface 35cm
Center of phototherapy lamp housing
Lamp
Holder
Maximum values Using 4 blue fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 26.6 W/m2 Using 2 blue and 2 white fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 16.7 W/m2 Average values Using 4 blue fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 17.4 W/m2 Using 2 blue and 2 white fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400– 550nm) = 10.9 W/m2
Effective surface area 40 × 30 cm
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Distance from lamp underside to measuring surface 45cm
Center of phototherapy lamp housing
Maximum values Using 4 blue fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 17.8 W/m2 Using 2 blue and 2 white fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 10.5 W/m2 Average values Using 4 blue fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 – 550nm) = 12.3 W/m2
Lamp
Using 2 blue and 2 white fluorescent tubes: Ebi max (400 –550nm) = 7.3 W/m2
Holder
Effective surface area 50 × 50 cm
Effective surface area The distance between baby and lamp determines the effective surface area. In order to achieve the best possible effect, the baby should wear smallest diapers. If necessary, roll down the top of the diaper below baby‘s naval, so that the maximum amount of bare skin will be exposed to the therapeutic light.
VII Commissioning the phototherapy lamp
Fig. 6 All four tubes switched off
Fig. 7 Both inner tubes switched on
Fig. 8 Both outer tubes switched on
Fig. 9 All four tubes switched on
• Connect the cable to the power supply, ensuring in advance that the voltage matches the details given on the specification plate. • Adjust lamp for position and height. • Ensure that the height adjustment is securely tightened. Then push the phototherapy lamp into place. • Switch on the phototherapy lamp with the on/off switches on the lamp body. The illustrations Fig. 6 – 9 show the different alternatives.
Fig. 10 LED Display
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VIII LED display When the lamp is switched on, the electronic monitoring of the blue, i.e. the therapeutic, light of the fluorescent tubes is activated. If this proportion of the light sinks to approx. 75%, an optical warning light lights up (Fig. 10). If the optical warning stays on continuously, all the blue tubes need changing. If the display lights up when the phototherapy light is switched on and goes out after a short time (max. 45 minutes), this is of no importance. The tubes only need changing when the display is on continuously. The white light tubes are not monitored, since their proportion of blue light is minimal. They are only replaced when they are no longer on. If the white tubes are installed in the outer position, the LED display is on continuously. For this reason, it is vital to always install the blue light tubes in the outer positions.
IX Therapy Warning If the phototherapy lamp is positioned too close to an external source of heat (e.g. heat lamp), the phototherapy lamp could be damaged. For this reason sufficient distance must always be maintained between the equipment. • Ensure that the height adjustment and lamp position are securely tightened. • Place as close to the infant as possible (approx. 25 cm). • Protect the eyes of the child since blue light can cause undesired side effects. If necessary, a barrier should be set up to protect the patients adjacent to the phototherapy equipment. A small percentage of the population is sensitive to blue light from any phototherapy device. We recommend that nursing staff should be informed about the possible side effects (fatigue, headache) and should (if blue-light sensitive) avoid being in the area for prolonged amounts of time. Should this be unavoidable, wearing yellow-tinted glasses can reduce the effects of blue light irradiation. • Check whether the lamp composition, resp. the choice of tubes corresponds to the treatment required. Blue light and white light can be mixed at will, whereby white light is generally less irritating and is more pleasant for the examination of the baby. • Before each use: Check LED warning light – if it lights up, all fluorescent tubes must be replaced. Phototherapy and the use of reflective foils may cause hazardous body temperatures. It is imperative to check the baby‘s temperature regularly. When used with an incubator, check the necessity to regulate the air temperature and set the incubator on skin-controlled mode. • Monitor the infant during therapy – Check the bilirubin levels regularly. Photoisomeres of bilirubin may cause toxic effects. – Make sure the infant is lying in the center of the light. – Phototherapy influences the infant‘s water balance. In order to prevent dehydration, it may be necessary to feed the baby more often. Attention Auxiliary devices which are used in the same area as the phototherapy lamp must comply with the general requirements for safety according to IEC 60601-1. Drugs and infusion liquids shall not be stored in the radiation area.
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X Maintenance Warning Disconnect power supply before performing maintenance jobs! 1
10.1 Replacing the starter • A faulty starter either causes the fluorescent tubes to flicker for an excessive period of time when switched on or fails to trigger the tubes. • Switch off the unit and disconnect the power cable from its socket. • Remove the lamp grille. Unscrew the bayonet screw (90° turn) (Fig. 11). Insert a screwdriver on one side of the lamp body alternatively in the two openings and press lightly outwards until the grille springs out of its holder. • The four starters are now visible (Fig. 12). The two inner and two outer fluorescent tubes and starters are connected in pairs. It is therefore recommended that the two starters that belong together are always replaced at the same time. • Turn the starter anti clockwise (approx. a quarter turn) and remove. • Insert new starter (do not use an electronic type!) and turn it clockwise as far as possible. • Replace the lamp grille: On the inside of the lamp body there are protruding support ribs. Place the grille on these ribs and press until it clicks in at all four corners. Tighten the bayonet screw (90° turn).
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Fig. 11
10.2 Changing the fluorescent tubes
3 4
Fig. 12
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6
Fig. 13
• If the proportion of therapeutic light sinks below the minimum level, an optical display will light up when the lamp is switched on. This means that all the blue light lamps need replacing. • Switch off the phototherapy lamp and disconnect from power supply. • Remove the lamp grille. Unscrew the bayonet screw (90° turn) (Fig. 11). Insert a screwdriver on one side of the lamp body alternatively in the two openings and press lightly outwards until the grille springs out of its holder. • Release the fluorescent tubes from the clips and carefully remove them from the sockets (Fig. 12). • Put these tubes aside immediately in order to avoid confusion. • Insert new tubes into the clips and push into the sockets (Fig. 13). • Check whether the lamp grille reflectors are clean and shiny; clean if necessary. • Replace the lamp grille: On the inside of the lamp body there are protruding support ribs. Place the grille on these ribs and press until it clicks in at all four corners. Tighten the bayonet screw (90° turn).
1) Opening 2) Lamp grille 3 Starter 4) Fluorescent tube 5) Clip 6) Reflector
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X Maintenance 10.3 Testing the LED-warning light The functioning of the LED-warning light which monitors the light intensity, can be tested as follows:
Fig. 14
• Turn the lamp body so that the fluorescent tubes are facing up. • Remove the lamp grille (as shown under 10.1). • Turn on the outer fluorescent tubes The inner tubes must be turned off for this test, as they could falsify results. • Make sure that the lamp is not in direct sunlight • Place your finger between the fluorescent tube and the lamp housing. The distance to the sensor should be approximately 10 cm. • Slowly move your finger closer to the sensor and monitor the LED (Figure 14) • The LED should not light up in the beginning. When your finger gets closer to the sensor, the LED will light up. Shortly before your finger reaches the sensor, the LED should extinguish. • After completing the test, remount the lamp grille.
10.4 Cleaning and disinfecting The outside surfaces of the phototherapy lamp can be cleaned with a damp cloth. Cleaning or disinfecting agents should not be used in concentrated form! Flammable solutions may not be used for cleaning the phototherapy lamp. Aggressive cleaning agents may damage the plastic housing and cause cracks. If this occurs, the lamp head must be replaced out of safety reasons!
XI Disposal The Phototherapy Lamp is of modular design. It can thus be disassembled into its individual components. The Phototherapy Lamp is mainly made of technical plastics which can be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. The lamp and electric parts should be disposed of separately.
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XII Technical Data Power supply Power consumption Lamps Height adjustment range Light emitter Mobile base Weight Design Protection class Fuses Air pressure Relative humidity Operating Temperature Storage and transport temperature Noise level Standards
230 V/50 Hz 120 V/60 Hz 185 VA Fitted with 4 fluorescent tubes, 18W, blue (Osram Dulux L18W/71 or Ralutec long 18W/71) or white light (Osram Dulux L18W/840) 114 – 161 cm 32 cm long, 26 cm wide 60 cm wide, 67 cm deep 10.1 kg IEC 601.1 I, Type B Type Ø 5 × 20, 250 V/T 1 A (230 V) Type Ø 6,3 × 32, 250 V/T 2 A (120 V) 70 – 106 kPa 20 – 95% +10 bis +40 °C –20 bis +50 °C <20 dB(A) CE (93/42/EEC) EN 60601-1/A2:1995, EN 60601-1-2:2001, EN 60601-2-50:2002
The phototherapy lamp may not be used in environments where there is a risk of explosion. Detailed service documentations including circuit diagrams, spare parts list, etc. are available on request from Medela or from your local Medela agent. Please give the relevant serial number together with any other information on the specification plate fitted to your appliance. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) The Medela phototherapy lamp is a medical device which complies with special safety measurements concerning EMC and must be installed and made ready for use according to the EMC information at the end of these instructions for use. Portable and mobile RF communication devices may influence the device.
XIII What the symbols mean
Warning – Refer to users instructions Section 6. LED display (light output) and Section 7. Therapy (protection of baby’s eyes)
Type B equipment according to IEC 601.1
Alternating current
Protective earth
Eye protection for the patient is necessary
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XIV Ordering references Fluorescent tubes 099.0116 Blue light tube
099.0114 White light tube
XV Warranty Medela AG guarantees the perfect quality and workmanship of this phototherapy lamp for a period of two years from the date of delivery from the works. If the fault is not due to improper use, all defective material will be replaced free of charge during this period. This will not apply to parts subject to wear and tear in use. For example, this applies to the fluorescent tubes, the starters and fuses. No responsibility is accepted for any demands that go beyond this, such as consequential damage, etc. The lamp must be returned to a Medela service agent for warranty claims. Conditions according to IEC 60601-1 (Edition 1990) The manufacturer can only be held liable for any effects on the safety, reliability and performance of the appliance if: • all installation work, additions, adjustments as well as changes or repairs are carried out by persons so authorized by the manufacturer; • the electrical installation in the room concerned corresponds to IEC specifications; • the appliance is used in conformity with its instructions for use. In general, it is presupposed that the device is used under supervision of qualified or authorized staff and that the user has the necessary specialized knowledge for using the phototherapy lamp.
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XV Technical Documentation Technical Description Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC, IEC 60601-1-2) IEC 60601-1-2, Table 201 Electromagnetic Emissions The Phototherapy Lamp is intended for use in the electromagnetic environment specified below. The customer or the user of the Phototherapy Lamp should assure that it is used in such environment. Compliance
Electromagnetic environment-guidance
RF emissions CISPR 11
Group 1
The Phototherapy Lamp uses RF energy only for its internal function. Therefore, its RF emissions are very low and are not likely to cause any interference in nearby electronic equipment.
RF emissions CISPR 11
Class B
Harmonic emissions IEC 61000-3-2
Class A
Voltage fluctuations / flicker emissions IEC 60000-3-3
Complies
Emission Tests
The Phototherapy Lamp is suitable for use in all establishments, including domestic establishments and those directly connected to the public low-voltage power supply network that supplies buildings used for domestic purposes.
Warning: The Phototherapy Lamp should not be used adjacent to or stacked with other equipment. If adjacent or stacked use is necessary, the Phototherapy Lamp should be observed to verify normal operation in the configuration in which it will be used.
IEC 60601-1-2, Table 202 Electromagnetic Immunity The Phototherapy Lamp is intended for use in the electromagnetic environment specified below. The customer or the user of the Phototherapy Lamp should assure that it is used in such environment. IEC 60601 test level
Compliance level
Electromagnetic environment-guidance
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) IEC 61000-4-2
± 6 kV contact ± 8 kV air
± 6 kV contact ± 8 kV air
Floors should be wood, concrete or ceramic tile. If floors are covered with synthetic material, the relative humidity should be at least 30 %.
Electrical fast transient/burst IEC 61000-4-4
± 2 kV for power supply lines ± 1 kV for input/output lines
± 2 kV for power supply lines ± 1 kV for input/output lines
Mains power quality should be that of a typical commercial or hospital environment.
Surge IEC 61000-4-5
± 1 kV differential mode ± 1 kV differential mode ± 2 kV common mode ± 2 kV common mode
Mains power quality should be that of a typical commercial or hospital environment.
Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations on power supply input lines IEC 61000-4-11
<5 % UT (>95 % dip in UT) for 0.5 cycle 40 % UT (60 % dip in UT) for 5 cycles 70 % UT (30 % dip in UT) for 25 cycles <5 % UT (>95 % dip in UT) for 5 sec
for 5 sec
3 A/m
3 A/m
Immunity Tests
Power frequency (50/60 Hz) magnetic field IEC 61000-4-8
<5 % UT (>95 % dip in UT) for 0.5 cycle 40 % UT (60 % dip in UT) for 5 cycles 70 % UT (30 % dip in UT) for 25 cycles <5 % UT (>95 % dip in UT)
Mains power quality should be that of a typical commercial or hospital environment. If the user of the Phototherapy Lamp requires continued operation during power mains interruptions, it is recommended that the Phototherapy Lamp be powered from am uninterruptible power supply or a battery.
Power frequency magnetic fields should be at levels of a typical commercial or hospital environment.
NOTE UT is the a.c. mains voltage prior to application of the test level.
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IEC 60601-1-2, Table 204 Electromagnetic Immunity The Phototherapy Lamp is intended for use in the electromagnetic environment specified below. The customer or the user of the Phototherapy Lamp should assure that it is used in such environment. Immunity Tests
IEC 60601 test level
Compliance level
Electromagnetic environment-guidance Portable and mobile RF communications equipment should be used no closer to any part of the Phototherapy Lamp, including cables, than the recommended separation distance calculated from the equation applicable to the frequency of the transmitter. Recommended separation distance
Conducted RF IEC 61000-4-6 Radiated RF IEC 61000-4-6
3 Vrms 150 kHz to 80 MHz
3 Vrms
3 V/m 80 MHz to 2.5 GHz
3 V/m
d= 1.2 P d= 1.2 P d= 2.3 P
80 MHz to 800 MHz 800 MHz to 2.5 GHz
where P is the maximum output power rating of the transmitter in watts (W) according to the transmitter manufacturer and d is the recommended separation distance in meters (m) Field strengths from fixed RF transmitters, as determined by an electromagnetic site survey a, should be less than the compliance level in each frequency range. b Interference may occur in the vicinity of equipment marked with the following symbol:
NOTE 1 At 80 MHz and 800 MHz, the higher frequency range applies. NOTE 2 These guidelines may not apply in all situations. Electromagnetic propagation is affected by absorption and reflection from structures, objects and people. a
Field strengths from fixed RF transmitters, such as base stations for radio (cellular/cordless) telephones and land mobile radios, amateur radio, AM and FM radio broadcast and TV broadcast cannot be predicted theoretically with accuracy. To assess the electromagnetic environment due to fixed RF transmitters, an electromagnetic site survey should be considered. If the measured field strength in the location in which the BiliBed is used exceeds the applicable RF compliance level above, the BiliBed should be observed to verify normal operation. If abnormal operation is observed, additional measures may be necessary, such as reorienting or relocating the BiliBed. b Over the frequency range 150 kHz to 80 MHz, field strengths should be less than 3 V/m
IEC 60601-1-2, Table 206 Recommended separation distance between portable and mobile RF communications equipment and the Phototherapy Lamp The Phototherapy Lamp is intended for use in an electromagnetic environment in which radiated RF disturbances are controlled. The customer or the user of the Phototherapy Lamp can help prevent electromagnetic interference by maintaining a minimum distance between portable and mobile RF communications equipment (transmitters) and the Phototherapy Lamp as recommended below, according to the maximum output power of the communications equipment. Electromagnetic environment-guidance
Rated maximum output power of transmitter W
150 kHz to 80 MHz
80 MHz to 800 MHz
800 MHz to 2.5 GHz
d= 1.2 P
d= 1.2 P
d= 2.3 P
0.01
0.12
0.12
0.23
0.1
0.38
0.38
0.73
1
1.2
1.2
2.3
10
3.8
3.8
7.3
100
12
12
23
For transmitters rated at a maximum output power not listed above, the recommended separation distance d in meters (m) can be estimated using the equation applicable to the frequency of the transmitter, where P is the maximum output power rating of the transmitter in watts (W) according to the transmitter manufacturer. NOTE 1 At 80 MHz and 800 MHz, the separation distance for the higher frequency range applies. NOTE 2 These guidelines may not apply in all situations. Electromagnetic propagation is affected by absorption and reflection from structures, objects and people.
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